|
Giustizia e Libertà ((:dʒuˈstittsja e lliberˈta); (英語:Justice and Freedom)) was an Italian anti-fascist resistance movement, active from 1929 to 1945.〔James D. Wilkinson. ''The Intellectual Resistance Movement in Europe''. Harvard University Press, 1981. Pp. 224.〕 The movement was founded by Carlo Rosselli.〔James D. Wilkinson. ''The Intellectual Resistance Movement in Europe''. Harvard University Press, 1981. Pp. 224.〕 Ferruccio Parri - who later became Prime Minister of Italy, and Sandro Pertini - who later became President of Italy were among the movement's leaders.〔Stanislao G. Pugliese. ''Carlo Rosselli: socialist heretic and antifascist exile''. Harvard University Press, 1999. Pp. 51.〕 == Italian anti-fascist organization (1929–1940) == The anti-fascist organisation ''Giustizia e Libertà'' was founded in Paris in 1929 by the Italian refugees Carlo Rosselli, Emilio Lussu, Alberto Tarchiani, and Ernesto Rossi. They began to organise the resistance against Italian Fascism, forming clandestine groups in Italy and setting up an intense propaganda campaign, publishing under Lussu's maxim: "Insorgere! Risorgere!" (Rebel! Revive!). Carlo Levi was named a director of the Italian branch along with Leone Ginzburg, a Russian Jew from Odessa who had emigrated with his parents to Turin. ''Giustizia e Libertà'' was committed to militant action to fight the Fascist regime, the movement saw Benito Mussolini as a ruthless murderer who himself deserved to be killed as punishment.〔Spencer Di Scala. ''Italian socialism: between politics and history''. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1996. Pp. 87.〕 Various early schemes were designed by the movement in the 1930s to assassinate Mussolini, including one dramatic plan of using an aircraft to drop a bomb on Piazza Venezia where Mussolini resided.〔Spencer Di Scala. ''Italian socialism: between politics and history''. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1996. Pp. 87.〕 After a series of arrests and trials, (including the conviction of Carlo Levi) the movement was forced in 1930 to curb this activity. In 1931 the organisation joined the ''Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana'' (Anti-Fascist Concentration), and in 1932 began promoting a plan that aimed not for the restoration of the pre-fascist political order but for a new social democracy centered around a Republican state. It called for economic rights and administrative decentralisation. The group produced its own journal, on which Salvatorelli, De Ruggiero and others collaborated. This journal reflected the politics of the group's leaders, who sought to distance themselves from communism and the Italian Communist Party. At the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, the organisation formed its own volunteer brigades to support the Spanish Republic. Carlo Rosselli and Camillo Berneri headed a mixed volunteer unit of anarchist, liberal, socialist, and communist Italians on the Aragon front, whose military successes included a victory against Francoist forces in the Battle of Monte Pelato. They popularised the slogan: "Oggi in Spagna, domani in Italia" (Today in Spain, tomorrow in Italy). In 1937, Camillo Berneri was killed by communist forces during a purge of anarchists in Barcelona. With the fall of the Spanish Republic in 1939, ''Giustizia e Libertà'' partisans were forced to flee back to France. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Giustizia e Libertà」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|